Table 18

Long-run Impacts on Employment, and AFDC Receipt, Welfare-to-Work Programs


																																																		Average Employment Rate (%)																																																																Average Annual Earnings ($)
Program and Outcome																																																		Experiments																									Controls																									Difference																									Experiments																									Controls																									Difference

Virginia
Year 1																																																		30.4																									27.9																									2.6**																									1,352																									1,282																									70
Year 2																																																		36.7																									32.7																									4.0***																									2,269																									1,987																									282**
Year 3																																																		39.0																									34.3																									4.7***																									2,740																									2,436																									304*
Year 4																																																		41.0																									39.4																									1.6																									3,286																									2,968																									318*
Year 5																																																		41.8																									40.7																									1.1																									3,674																									3,473																									201
Arkansas
Year 1																																																		18.5																									13.5																									5.0***																									675																									505																									170**
Year 2																																																		22.4																									17.7																									4.6**																									1,181																									956																									224
Year 3																																																		25.1																									19.0																									6.1***																									1,440																									1,122																									319**
Year 4																																																		27.5																									22.4																									5.1**																									1,693																									1,443																									250
Year 5																																																		27.7																									25.2																									2.5																									1,890																									1,800																									90
Year 6																																																		29.3																									24.4																									4.9**																									2,108																									1,995																									114
Baltimore
Year 1																																																		30.5																									27.1																									3.4***																									1,607																									1,476																									131
Year 2																																																		38.3																									34.3																									4.0***																									2,784																									2,389																									395***
Year 3																																																		40.8																									38.4																									2.4*																									3,497																									2,991																									506***
Year 4: not available
Year 5																																																		48.7																									47.2																									1.5																									5,307																									4,832																									475*
San Diego
Year 1																																																		31.3																									25.3																									6.0***																									1,694																									1,466																									228**
Year 2																																																		35.1																									27.4																									7.8***																									2,735																									2,109																									626***
Year 3																																																		34.5																									28.3																									6.2***																									3,205																									2,623																									582***
Year 4																																																		33.6																									30.5																									3.1**																									3,653																									3,227																									426*
Year 5																																																		33.7																									32.0																									1.7																									4,069																									3,850																									219

Statistical significance: *** = 1 percent; ** = 5 percent; * = 10 percent.

Source: Friedlander and Burtless (1995), Table 4-2.